Assessing The Anxiety Levels Among Mbbs Students During Covid-19 Lockdown

Introduction: The outbreak of COVID-19, which started in China in December 2019, has spread around the entire world. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, lockdowns have been implemented in numerous countries around the world. On 23 March 2020, India went into Nation-wide lockdown. Schools, Colleges & Universities were closed nationwide. The disruption in academics, daily routines and isolation had a deeply negative impact on students, making them extremely vulnerable to mental health issues like mood and anxiety disorders and depression. The main aim of this study is toAim: assess the level of anxiety among MBBS students during the COVID-19 lockdown. A cross-sectionalMethodology: online survey was conducted on 632 MBBS Students. A survey invitation through Google Forms was sent to students via WhatsApp & was assured regarding the confidentiality of their responses. Anxiety levels were assessed using Zung's self-rating anxiety scale (SAS). Results: Out of 632 Students, 24.07% of students experienced mild to moderate levels of Anxiety, 6.48% of students experienced Marked to Severe Levels of Anxiety and 0.92% of Students experienced Extreme levels of Anxiety. Gender wise nearly 46.54% of female students and 16% of male students experienced different levels of anxiety. Academic Year wise 57.13% 1st MBBS, 7.69% 2nd MBBS, 11.53% Final MBBS Part 1 & 53.56% Final MBBS Part 2 students experienced different levels of anxiety. Gender, Academic Year wereConclusion: significantly associated with anxiety levels. Predominant stressors were online learning & uncertainty related to their academic performance.

Emergence of sporotrichosis in Manipur.

A retrospective analysis of all cases of sporotrichosis was conducted to examine the pattern and frequency of sporotrichosis cases in Manipur over a period of six year from July 1999 to June 2005. Seventy-three (73) cases of sporotrichosis were detected of which 30 were confirmed by culture and 43 were diagnosed by aspiration cytology only. Most of the patients belonged to the age group of 21 to 40 years (n = 23; 31.5%). There were 39 females (53.4%) and 34 males (46.5%). Commonest site of infection was upper limbs (n = 39; 53.4%) followed by lower limbs (n = 17; 23.2%). Commonest type of infection was lymphocutaneous form (n = 46; 63.1%) followed by fixed cutaneous form (n = 27; 36.9%). Among these 73 cases, 2 male patients (2.7%) were found to be HIV positive. In our experience, collection of material by aspiration of pus or infected tissue was found to be a better method compared to scraping or exudate. This study revealed Manipur as a new endemic area for sporotrichosis.

Ecthyma gangrenosum: a rare cutaneous manifestation caused by pseudomonas aeruginosa without bacteraemia in a leukaemic patient--a case report.

Ecthyma gangrenosum is a rare and invasive cutaneous infection caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the majority of cases, typically affecting immunocompromised patients, particularly those with neutropenia. We report a rare case of ecthyma gangrenosum in the absence of bacteraemia presenting as a solitary necrotic ulcer in a female patient with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. A culture from the ecthyma lesion revealed the presence of Pesudomonas aeruginosa, but the results of repeated blood cultures were negative. The patient responded well to amikacin to which the isolate was susceptible in vitro. Considering high rate of mortality, early diagnosis and prompt effective treatment is mandatory.

Pleuropulmonary paragonimiasis mimicking pulmonary tuberculosis--a report of three cases.

Paragonimiasis is an important cause of pulmonary disease worldwide. Infection in humans mainly occurs by ingestion of raw or undercooked freshwater crabs or crayfish. The disease is well known in endemic regions of Asian countries, where culturally based methods of food preparation foster human transmission. Three patients with clinical and radiological features compatible with pulmonary tuberculosis had been treated for tuberculosis without remedy despite an inability to demonstrate acid fast bacilli in sputum smears. All patients had history of ingestion of raw crabs and crayfish. The confirmed diagnosis of pleuropulmonary paragonimiasis was made based on the demonstration of Paragonimus eggs in the sputum, and high absolute eosinophilia in their peripheral blood and pleural fluid. All the patients had been treated with praziquantel successfully.

Clinically significant autoantibodies--a case report.

Auto antiA1 and anti H was found in the serum of a patient admitted in this hospital for intracardiac repair of Ventricular Septal defect (VSD). Blood was grouped as A1 positive with discrepant cell and serum grouping due to auto anti A1 and anti H. No blood units were compatible for the patient. 17 A1, 3 A2 and 8 O group blood units were crossmatched and found incompatible at 37 degrees C and A2 and O at 25 degrees C--as the patient required surgery at hypothermia. Surgery was postponed. Antibody status was reviewed after 4 months. The thermal amplitude of auto anti H had changed by then but there was no change in auto anti A1. Surgery was done using A2 group blood.

Mechanism of action of antiatherogenic and related effects of Ficus bengalensis Linn. flavonoids in experimental animals.

One month treatment of alloxan diabetic dogs with a glycoside, viz. leucopelargonin derivative (100 mg/kg/day) isolated from the bark of F. bengalensis decreased fasting blood sugar and glycosylated haemoglobin by 34% and 28% respectively. Body weight was maintained in both the treated groups while the same was decreased significantly by 10% in the control group. In cholesterol diet fed rats, as the atherogenic index and the hepatic bile acid level and the faecal excretion of bile acids and neutral sterols increased, the HMGCoA reductase and lipogenic enzyme activities in liver and lipoprotien lipase activity in heart and adipose tissue and plasma LCAT activity and the incorporation of labelled acetate into free and ester cholesterol in liver decreased significantly. On treatment with the two ficus flavonoids, viz. leucopelargonin and leucocyanin derivatives and another flavonoid quercetin (100 mg/kg/day) the above said effects except on bile acids and sterols and lipogenic enzymes were significantly reversed in the cholesterol fed rats. However in the treated rats the hepatic level of bile acids and the faecal excretion of bile acids and neutral sterols still further increased and the action of lipogenic enzyme glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase was still further decreased. These effects of leucopelargonidin and quercetin were better than that of the second. Toxicity studies are required to be carried out to find out if the ficus flavonoids could be used as health promoters as they are hypocholesterolemic and antioxidant in action.

Antioxidant effect of two flavonoids from the bark of Ficus bengalensis Linn in hyperlipidemic rats.

Two flavonoid compounds, viz. 5,7-dimethyl ether of leucopelargonidin 3-0-alpha-L rhamnoside and 5,3'-dimethyl ether of leucocyanidin 3-0-alpha-D galactosyl cellobioside obtained from the bark of F. bengalensis were evaluated for their antioxidant action in hyperlipidemic rats. The results were compared with the activity of a structurally similar flavonoid, quercetin, a known antioxidant. The Ficus compounds showed significant antioxidant effects which may be attributed to their polyphenolic nature. The methylation of two hydrozyl groups in the Ficus flavonoids might have slowed down their antioxidant action as compared to quercetin.

Impact of protein deficiency and exposure to hexachlorocyclohexane or malathion on lipid metabolism in pregnant rats.

Dietary intake of three oral doses of hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) (60 mg/kg body wt) or malathion (500 mg/kg) by normal and protein-deficient diet fed pregnant rats on the 6th, 10th and 14th day of gestation resulted in the impairment of lipid metabolism, viz. hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia. The cholesterol, triglyceride and phospholipid contents in serum, brain, liver, kidney and uterus were increased significantly by HCH and malathion exposure, irrespective of the protein content in the diet. The incorporation of [1,2-14C]acetate into the hepatic lipids was stimulated by both HCH and malathion, suggesting a higher rate of lipid synthesis in the liver of normal and protein-deficient diet fed dams. The low protein content in the diet intensified the pesticide-induced changes and more severe alterations were noticed in HCH exposed dams than in malathion exposed dams.

Effect of indigenous drugs on glucuronoglycan metabolism in diabetic hypertensive rabbits.

Development of hypertension further exaggerated the deranged level of total glucuronoglycan (GAG), different fractions of GAG, activities of synthetic and degradative enzymes of GAG and biological sulphation observed in diabetic rabbits. Administration of indigenous drug preparations (nisakathakathi Kashayam and rasnairandadi Kashayam and its mixture) ameliorated the diabetic hypertensive condition by reversing these effects and thereby arrested.

Glycosaminoglycan (GAG) level and activities of certain enzymes of GAG metabolism in Culex quinquefasciatus and Setaria digitata.

Significant differences were observed in GAG metabolism of S. digitata and one of its intermediate vectors, C. quinquefasciatus. Distribution of different components such as hyaluronic acid, heparin-sulphate, chondroitin-4-sulphate, chondroitin-6-sulphate, dermatan sulphate and heparin was comparable in both. However, there were quantitative differences; the difference was marked in the activity of enzymes of GAG metabolism in presence and absence of diethylcarbamazine (DEC) a known antifilarial drug. While the activities of beta-galactosidase and beta-N-acetyl glucosaminidase of S. digitata systems showed an inhibition of 96.5 and 92.6% respectively, in the Culex systems they showed an inhibition of 93.3% and an activation of 18% respectively. The differences clearly indicate the existence of basic differences in GAG metabolism of vector and parasite.

Effects of serpasil on lipids, lipoprotein lipase and lipogenic enzymes in alloxan diabetic rats.

Diabetes intensifies the development of atherosclerosis. Treatment with antihypertensive drug, serpasil, arrested the progression of atherosclerosis in alloxan diabetic rats by significantly decreasing the concentration of cholesterol, phospholipids and triglycerides of serum, liver, kidney and aorta. Serpasil also decreased fasting blood sugar and urine sugar levels in these rats. Serpasil administration remarkably altered the deranged lipid metabolism in alloxan diabetic rats by nearly restoring the lipolytic and lipogenic enzyme activity to that of the normal.